Introduction
Vulvar cancer is a rare form of cancer that develops in the vulva, the external part of the female genitalia. While uncommon, it is important to understand the warning signs and risk factors, as early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. Regular gynecological checkups and awareness play a vital role in reducing risks associated with vulvar cancer.
What Is Vulvar Cancer?
Vulvar cancer begins when abnormal cells in the vulvar tissues grow uncontrollably. It most often affects the outer lips (labia majora)andinner lips (labia minora)but can also develop in the clitoris or vaginal opening.
The main types include:
Squamous cell carcinoma – the most common, accounting for about 90% of cases.
Adenocarcinoma – develops in glandular cells.
Melanoma of the vulva – rare but aggressive.
Basal cell carcinoma and sarcoma – very rare forms.
Symptoms of Vulvar Cancer
Early symptoms may be subtle, but as the disease progresses, common signs include:
Persistent itching or burning in the vulvar area
Lumps, bumps, or sores that don't heal
Thickened, discolored, or wart-like skin patches
Pain or tenderness in the vulva
Bleeding or unusual discharge not related to menstruation
Pain during urination or sexual intercourse
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is not fully understood, but certain factors increase the risk:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection – high-risk HPV strains are strongly linked.
Age – more common in women over 60.
History of cervical or vaginal cancer .
Precancerous conditions such as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).
Smoking – increases risk by weakening immune defenses.
Chronic vulvar conditions like lichen sclerosus.
Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressant medications.
Diagnosis of Vulvar Cancer
Doctors may use several tests to detect vulvar cancer, including:
Physical and pelvic exam – checking for abnormal growths.
Biopsy – removing a small tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
Colposcopy – magnified view of vulvar tissue.
Imaging tests (MRI, CT, PET scans) – to determine the extent of spread.
Stages of Vulvar Cancer
Staging helps determine treatment options:
Stage I: Cancer is confined to the vulva.
Stage II: Spread to nearby tissues such as the lower vagina or urethra.
Stage III: Spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IV: Spread to distant organs such as bladder, rectum, or lungs.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage, type, and overall health of the patient:
Surgery – removal of tumors, part of the vulva (partial vulvectomy), or the entire vulva (radical vulvectomy).
Radiation therapy – often combined with chemotherapy before or after surgery.
Chemotherapy – drugs to kill or slow cancer growth.
Targeted therapy – attacks specific changes in cancer cells.
Immunotherapy – strengthens the immune system to fight advanced cases.
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
While not all cases are preventable, some steps lower the risk of vulvar cancer:
HPV vaccination to protect against high-risk virus strains.
Regular gynecological exams for early detection of precancerous changes.
Quitting smoking to reduce overall cancer risk.
Managing chronic vulvar conditions under medical guidance.
Safe sexual practices to reduce HPV exposure.
Conclusion
Vulvar cancer is rare but serious, and its impact can be reduced with awareness, screening, and preventive care. Recognizing symptoms early and seeking medical attention promptly are essential for effective treatment. With advancements in surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy, survival rates are improving, giving women better chances of recovery and quality of life.
